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Management fad is a term used to characterize a change in philosophy or operations implemented by a business or institution. The term is subjective and tends to be used in a pejorative sense, as it implies that such a change is being implemented (often ''by'' management ''on'' its employees, with little or no input from them) solely because it is (at the time) "popular" within managerial circles, and not necessarily due to any real need for organizational change. The term further implies that once the underlying philosophy is no longer "popular", it will be replaced by the newest "popular" idea, in the same manner and for the same reason as the previous idea. Several authors have argued that new management ideas should be subject to greater critical analysis, and for the need for greater conceptual awareness of new ideas by managers.〔Christensen, Clayton M. and Michael E. Raynor, "Why Hard-Nosed Executives Should Care About Management Theory," ''Harvard Business Review'', Vol. 81, No. 9, Sept. 2003, pp. 66-74.〕 Authors Leonard J. Ponzi and Michael Koenig believe that a key determinant of whether any management idea is a "management fad" is the number and timing of published articles on the idea. In their research,〔(Ponzi, Leonard J. and Michael Koenig, "Knowledge Management: Another Management Fad?," ''Information Research'', Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct. 2002, paper no. 145. )〕 Ponzi and Koenig argue that once an idea has been discussed for around 3–5 years, if after this time the number of articles on the idea in a given year decreases significantly (similar to the right-hand side of a bell curve), then the idea is most likely a "management fad". ==Common characteristics== Management fads are often characterized by the following: *New jargon for existing business processes. *External consultants who specialize in the implementation of the fad. *A ''certification'' or ''appraisal'' process performed by an external agency for a fee. *Amending the job titles of existing employees to include references to the fad. *Claims of a measurable business improvement via measurement of a metric (e.g. key performance indicator) that is defined by the fad itself. *An internal sponsoring department or individual that gains influence due to the fad's implementation. *Big words and complex phrases (puffery). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Management fad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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